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Religion in ancient Rome consisted
of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both
by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.
The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their
success as a world power to their collective piety in maintaining good relations
with the gods. Their polytheistic religion is known for having honoured many
deities.
The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the
historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices
that became fundamental, such as the cultus of Apollo. The Romans looked for
common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks, adapting Greek
myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art, as the Etruscans had.
Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of
augury, used by the state to seek the will of the gods. According to legends,
most of Rome's religious institutions could be traced to its founders,
particularly Numa Pompilius, the Sabine second king of Rome, who negotiated
directly with the gods. This archaic religion was the foundation of the mos
maiorum, "the way of the ancestors" or simply "tradition", viewed as central to
Roman identity.The
priesthoods of most state religions were held by members of the elite classes.
There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient
Rome. During the Roman Republic; 509–27 BC, the same men who were elected public
officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs. Priests married, raised
families, and led politically active lives.
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